STATS19 RESEARCH · PHASE 1

Does off-street parking reduce collisions?

The public-data feasibility audit is complete. Local parking estimates and matched residential-road mileage are the next steps.

Historical study stage · Feasibility audit · Phase 1 — Parking and collision risk · Adjusted analysis · Phase 4 →

Exploratory analysis · Exploratory adjusted analysis · England · 137 authorities · 2021–2025. Latest analysis date: 2026-10-10.

The context above describes the current study. This page retains the earlier evidence, period and limitations shown below.

Ask about the current released study →

Current release evidence summary (separate from this historical page)

Recorded decision: Exploratory incremental spatial prediction using an unvalidated proxy. No causal garage-use, driver-level or future-year validity claim.

Assessment: Leave one of nine English regions out, keeping all years for an authority together.

Evidence needed next: A prospectively frozen specification, uninspected outcomes and independent exposure validation before any pricing decision.

Full evaluation record and evidence hashes → · Study change history →

Study history and supporting evidence

Earlier analyses retain their original scope and results.

Feasibility audited · 10 October 2026Parking effect: not tested

Phase 1 checks what the data can support. No parking deciles, frequency estimates or risk reductions have been calculated.

2021–2025Five years of collision and vehicle records audited

153 authoritiesEngland coverage shown at county/unitary level

Not readyLSOA parking share and residential mileage still required

What we will measure in later phases

Off-street share

Resident cars/vans normally parked in garages, driveways or other off-street spaces, divided by resident cars/vans.

Garage-use share

The proportion actually kept inside a garage. Having a garage does not establish use.

Parking pressure

Estimated street-parked residential vehicles per kilometre of residential road, with daytime demand checked separately.

Rates will count collisions and miles on the same eligible roads. Resident annual mileage cannot substitute for traffic travelling through the area.

Where can we inspect the inputs?

This map shows audited input coverage. It does not show garaging levels or collision risk. All authorities still lack a validated parking share and residential-road mileage denominator for this study.

YearMap layerAuthority

Known parked-vehicle involvement status

Requesting map boundaries… Exact data and area controls remain usable.

Select an area to explore its evidence

% of recorded injury collisions with a determined parked-involvement status · darker means higher recorded value

≤ 75> 75 to ≤ 90> 90 to ≤ 95> 95 to ≤ 99> 99╱ Withheld· Unavailable＋ Outside coverage

Fixed breaks across comparable years in this release; a new release can change breaks. Legend boundaries rounded for display; classification uses full precision. © ONS · Generalised boundaries. Zoom changes orientation, not geographic resolution.

Collision locations use the source’s current highway-authority codes and the verified December 2025 boundaries. Traffic records match exact authority codes. 14 historical authority/year combinations need a crosswalk and are retained in the downloadable audit.

Accessible coverage table · 2025

Authority input coverage. Unknown parking status is retained. Minor-road rows are not mileage.
Collisions	Parked involved	Unresolved	Minor-road rows
477	26	146	4
772	24	255	13
365	30	10	0
202	7	6	9
294	18	29	7
381	29	96	9
2,307	218	21	71
286	27	7	6
291	25	1	3
289	26	44	11
677	37	0	17
131	3	2	3
956	80	145	22
720	34	286	3
579	59	17	8
753	61	8	24
629	49	162	15
684	29	84	35
161	10	27	9
357	41	55	14
1,017	46	108	61
654	20	260	2
475	23	55	16
579	38	14	44
522	14	11	46
210	16	5	0
920	50	9	49
438	34	0	44
404	33	3	22
936	44	343	16
388	27	29	28
137	8	0	11
484	46	6	17
1,268	122	19	91
1,319	73	8	103
467	30	12	16
675	28	1	43
392	47	3	14
738	26	312	6
600	28	5	31
1,060	104	16	60
864	56	290	7
2,344	158	101	139
251	18	11	13
857	49	4	50
582	25	173	8
719	15	280	3
130	9	2	4
537	15	195	1
2,325	87	27	116
662	24	211	8
396	21	129	4
92	4	0	9
501	22	141	11
277	15	0	48
1,536	92	197	94
667	42	185	18
700	31	219	10
233	19	2	10
2	0	0	0
539	15	210	2
565	24	186	2
2,957	240	75	95
661	44	13	13
252	6	92	8
632	68	102	16
181	5	3	8
921	30	320	4
2,146	162	22	124
1,395	99	183	46
463	24	1	13
733	45	3	51
720	38	241	13
1,709	84	1,445	105
853	39	8	20
354	32	74	5
711	47	127	26
460	55	12	7
425	10	168	2
139	6	0	10
267	7	1	19
465	27	26	11
766	18	248	5
1,722	122	103	154
323	28	7	8
330	23	6	16
556	37	15	18
285	16	3	16
210	9	14	11
1,159	52	2	91
345	19	9	46
780	36	34	16
1,353	106	33	79
199	17	38	8
857	36	3	47
386	24	71	17
420	40	7	14
457	38	4	5
250	5	3	4
613	31	221	4
108	4	0	7
347	21	123	6
219	24	42	11
428	34	6	33
44	3	1	5
281	12	33	11
600	56	3	13
312	25	5	17
838	64	15	0
337	14	0	53
228	10	6	3
251	17	1	16
856	31	9	84
414	22	3	17
150	13	12	8
488	26	5	8
273	40	17	3
935	27	321	6
244	16	6	9
1,295	96	122	53
242	13	39	12
149	5	0	13
359	32	32	11
1,240	94	95	65
332	24	20	13
2,497	167	108	81
302	22	93	7
401	19	0	15
202	17	32	8
150	6	0	13
260	23	19	7
172	18	0	6
957	26	357	3
188	12	28	10
555	41	70	14
407	34	5	13
503	23	187	9
768	31	277	3
328	15	6	8
1,082	50	2	55
220	4	4	13
774	48	10	36
1,613	121	25	64
1,143	27	389	3
393	18	25	42
219	23	25	12
1,027	45	1	67
176	9	4	8
343	27	10	10
194	8	2	12
377	25	3	27
656	27	2	69
313	16	0	7

Can STATS19 identify parked-vehicle involvement?

Yes, with a separate unknown category. Code 2 means “Parked” in both historic and current manoeuvre fields. Code 20 means “Parking” in the new specification and is kept separate.

5,781England injury collisions involving a recorded parked vehicle · 2025

11,520England collisions where parked involvement remains unresolved · 2025

3,861English minor-road traffic rows · 2025; 3,280 marked “Counted”

These counts cover all reported injury collisions. They are a coding audit, not a matched residential motor-collision numerator. STATS19 omits damage-only parking impacts. Involvement does not establish contact, fault or causation.

England · collision-level classification, one count per collision
Year	Total collisions	Parked involved	No parked vehicle recorded, all manoeuvres known	Unresolved
2021	93,873	5,677	79,017	9,179
2022	98,546	6,000	82,379	10,167
2023	96,764	5,727	79,895	11,142
2024	93,847	5,638	76,292	11,917
2025	94,418	5,781	77,117	11,520

Join checks and classification rules

Any vehicle recorded as parked makes the collision a positive case. If none is parked and any manoeuvre is unknown, parked involvement remains unresolved. The canonical converted manoeuvre field is authoritative; unknowns are not filled from the historic field.

0 duplicate collision keys; 0 duplicate vehicle keys; 0 orphan vehicles.
0 collisions without vehicle records; 0 vehicle-count reconciliation failures.
0 parked/non-parked disagreements where both historic and current fields are known.
0 duplicate traffic point/year keys in the audited English years.
GB annual collision and vehicle totals reconcile to the archived release. Unknown reporting varies by year and place; completeness is not accuracy.

What remains before a fair test?

Missing

Observed local parking use

No verified LSOA share of vehicles actually parked off-street or inside garages. NTS provides survey benchmarks; EHS measures provision.

How to resolve this

Build an explicitly estimated share in phase 2, then validate against independent street occupancy surveys.

Not imported

Housing × household vehicles

Census accommodation and car/van availability sources are identified. A detailed, compatible small-area cross-tabulation has not been ingested for this study.

How to resolve this

Archive Census inputs, retain suppressed cells and audit the joint categories before applying parking probabilities.

Missing

Residential-road vehicle miles

DfT minor-road count locations are sampled. Count-point presence is not a complete road network and cannot supply an all-road LSOA denominator.

How to resolve this

Validate residential centreline geometry and a traffic model against independent counts. Withhold rates wherever matched exposure is unavailable.

Unverified

LSOA and traffic boundary compatibility

Recorded collision LSOA codes are present, but their vintage has not been established for a Census 2021 join. Historical traffic authority codes also differ from current map boundaries.

How to resolve this

Verify the recorded LSOA vintage, re-geocode collision coordinates where needed, and document boundary crosswalks. Never silently copy an area rate into smaller areas.

Not assembled

Parking capacity and use validation

One garage or driveway does not imply space for every household vehicle. Daytime visitors and commercial activity can add street parking.

How to resolve this

Assemble dated local occupancy evidence, validate multi-car capacity and separate daytime from overnight parking.

Not assembled

Matched residential motor-collision cohort

This coding audit includes all reported injury collisions. Parked-vehicle involvement alone does not establish motor-only eligibility, a residential road, contact or fault.

How to resolve this

Define the road and vehicle populations before calculating frequency. Preserve unknown classifications and assess police recording differences.

A parking score derived only from housing and car ownership may be useful for prediction, but cannot independently establish a parking effect beyond those ingredients. Independent parking observations are required to test that mechanism.

Five-phase implementation plan

Feasibility audit · Complete
Archived-input checks, parked-vehicle coding, coverage map and explicit data gaps.
Parking estimates · Not started
Estimate off-street share, garage-use share and residential parking pressure; validate independently.
Decile analysis · Not started
Pooled collisions divided by matched road mileage, with uncertainty and actual decile boundaries.
Adjusted validation · Not started
Incremental predictiveness, later years, unseen areas and denominator sensitivity.
Publish findings · Not started
Publish supported findings with evidence status and downloadable results.

Sources and reproducible audit

This is a separate frozen feasibility snapshot, audited on 2026-10-10. It uses archived inputs from the linked evidence release; it does not alter that release or add modelling results to it.

Full audit · JSON Annual coding · CSV Authority coverage · CSV Recorded LSOA coverage · CSV Rebuild script · Python

LSOA download records codes found in collisions, not all LSOAs or observed parking shares. Its geography vintage remains unverified for a Census join. Missing rates and parking shares export as null or blank, never zero.

Source availability as at the phase 1 audit
Source	Status	Coverage / period	Use and limitation
National Travel Survey · NTS0908	Archived and inspected	England; urban/rural groups Overnight-parking observations through 2024	Actual overnight use benchmarks. No observed LSOA shares. Urban/rural classification changes in 2024.
English Housing Survey · DA2201	Archived and inspected	England; dwelling groups Latest worksheet: 2024	Best parking provision by dwelling type. Availability is not use or vehicle-level capacity.
Census · housing and car/van availability	Catalogue verified; not imported	England and Wales; detail varies by geography Census Day 2021	Candidate joint distribution. Verify category detail, suppression and geography; do not assume the default published table supplies every required housing category.
STATS19 collision, vehicle and codebook files	Archived and audited	Great Britain; England selected for study 2021–2025	Collision/vehicle joins and parked classification. Damage-only incidents and insurance claims are absent.
DfT annual average daily traffic	Archived and audited	Major links and sampled minor-road locations 2021–2025 inspected	Counted/estimated flags and local presence. Complete residential-road mileage remains unavailable.
ONS county and unitary boundaries	Archived; checksum verified	England; December 2025 2025 boundaries	Authority-level coverage map only. No LSOA parking estimates are implied.
Electricity North West · Reflect methodology	Method reviewed; estimates not imported	Electricity North West licence area Method based on Census 2011	Precedent for estimating access from housing and vehicle availability; not independent validation of current parking behaviour.
Local parking occupancy surveys	Not assembled	Selected streets only To be audited	Example of published survey evidence. Check dates, selection bias, coverage and reuse terms before calibration.

Archived bytes, hashes and evidence release

Base evidence: lens-2026-10-09-cbec43fe76c4. Rebuilding also needs the source manifests and boundary asset named in audit.json; the repository contains them.

STATS19 collision records, latest five final years
06a03c0e5504175e23ed98e3e0b4767ac61d396c073405a1bddab9339c18f948
STATS19 vehicle records, latest five final years
05453dca2651ad8a27b4ac0e6a0450a852c506e4d495111ffca398f3d311e26a
STATS19 codebook and historical mappings
51b08606ef3dad1ae5d4c8726241b022fc8e4bbdc910ef0e5cc2fb92b054fc12
Major-road annual average daily flows
5273cf63da4ca8b317bfe972d8a345e7932db0fff7a7789998a890f0081232b6
NTS0908 overnight parking
49f6044306df47428c8fd3a93053e8f01dae23425d6eb8c045d9ebc773a1a1fe
English Housing Survey DA2201
d2bd11811c9dd8da846c0be8aa27db7382977263575318384c07810b78d5e2e9

Boundary: Counties and unitary authorities, December 2025
e3569b2f82047945fc9a748a45c5fdc74e860f218f03db68967035b3132dead0

Full interpretation limits

No parking deciles, rate estimates or causal conclusions have been calculated.
STATS19 excludes damage-only incidents and does not establish insurance claims or fault.
A parked vehicle can be recorded without physical contact. Involvement is not causation.
Unknown manoeuvres are a separate classification, never a confirmed absence of parked vehicles.
LSOA codes are recorded-location codes. Their boundary vintage has not been verified for a Census 2021 join.
Map shows 2025 county/unitary boundaries, not LSOA parking estimates. Collision counts use current highway codes.
Traffic rows are count-point presence. Minor-road sampling does not establish complete residential-road exposure.
Historical traffic authority codes are not silently crosswalked to current boundaries.
Housing-derived parking scores need independent validation and cannot establish an independent parking effect beyond their ingredients.

Johan Strydom

Loading approved evidence

Retrieving and verifying the requested analytical release. Result data loads before optional map boundaries and source checks.

Your filters and release stay in the address. Navigation remains available.

STATS19 RESEARCH · PHASE 1

Does off-street parking reduce collisions?

The public-data feasibility audit is complete. Local parking estimates and matched residential-road mileage are the next steps.

Historical study stage · Feasibility audit · Phase 1 — Parking and collision risk · Adjusted analysis · Phase 4 →

Exploratory analysis · Exploratory adjusted analysis · England · 137 authorities · 2021–2025. Latest analysis date: 2026-10-10.

The context above describes the current study. This page retains the earlier evidence, period and limitations shown below.

Ask about the current released study →

Current release evidence summary (separate from this historical page)

Recorded decision: Exploratory incremental spatial prediction using an unvalidated proxy. No causal garage-use, driver-level or future-year validity claim.

Assessment: Leave one of nine English regions out, keeping all years for an authority together.

Evidence needed next: A prospectively frozen specification, uninspected outcomes and independent exposure validation before any pricing decision.

Full evaluation record and evidence hashes → · Study change history →

Study history and supporting evidence

Earlier analyses retain their original scope and results.

Feasibility audited · 10 October 2026Parking effect: not tested

Phase 1 checks what the data can support. No parking deciles, frequency estimates or risk reductions have been calculated.

2021–2025Five years of collision and vehicle records audited

153 authoritiesEngland coverage shown at county/unitary level

Not readyLSOA parking share and residential mileage still required

What we will measure in later phases

Off-street share

Resident cars/vans normally parked in garages, driveways or other off-street spaces, divided by resident cars/vans.

Garage-use share

The proportion actually kept inside a garage. Having a garage does not establish use.

Parking pressure

Estimated street-parked residential vehicles per kilometre of residential road, with daytime demand checked separately.

Rates will count collisions and miles on the same eligible roads. Resident annual mileage cannot substitute for traffic travelling through the area.

Where can we inspect the inputs?

YearMap layerAuthority

Known parked-vehicle involvement status

Requesting map boundaries… Exact data and area controls remain usable.

Select an area to explore its evidence

% of recorded injury collisions with a determined parked-involvement status · darker means higher recorded value

≤ 75> 75 to ≤ 90> 90 to ≤ 95> 95 to ≤ 99> 99╱ Withheld· Unavailable＋ Outside coverage

Accessible coverage table · 2025

Authority input coverage. Unknown parking status is retained. Minor-road rows are not mileage.
Collisions	Parked involved	Unresolved	Minor-road rows
477	26	146	4
772	24	255	13
365	30	10	0
202	7	6	9
294	18	29	7
381	29	96	9
2,307	218	21	71
286	27	7	6
291	25	1	3
289	26	44	11
677	37	0	17
131	3	2	3
956	80	145	22
720	34	286	3
579	59	17	8
753	61	8	24
629	49	162	15
684	29	84	35
161	10	27	9
357	41	55	14
1,017	46	108	61
654	20	260	2
475	23	55	16
579	38	14	44
522	14	11	46
210	16	5	0
920	50	9	49
438	34	0	44
404	33	3	22
936	44	343	16
388	27	29	28
137	8	0	11
484	46	6	17
1,268	122	19	91
1,319	73	8	103
467	30	12	16
675	28	1	43
392	47	3	14
738	26	312	6
600	28	5	31
1,060	104	16	60
864	56	290	7
2,344	158	101	139
251	18	11	13
857	49	4	50
582	25	173	8
719	15	280	3
130	9	2	4
537	15	195	1
2,325	87	27	116
662	24	211	8
396	21	129	4
92	4	0	9
501	22	141	11
277	15	0	48
1,536	92	197	94
667	42	185	18
700	31	219	10
233	19	2	10
2	0	0	0
539	15	210	2
565	24	186	2
2,957	240	75	95
661	44	13	13
252	6	92	8
632	68	102	16
181	5	3	8
921	30	320	4
2,146	162	22	124
1,395	99	183	46
463	24	1	13
733	45	3	51
720	38	241	13
1,709	84	1,445	105
853	39	8	20
354	32	74	5
711	47	127	26
460	55	12	7
425	10	168	2
139	6	0	10
267	7	1	19
465	27	26	11
766	18	248	5
1,722	122	103	154
323	28	7	8
330	23	6	16
556	37	15	18
285	16	3	16
210	9	14	11
1,159	52	2	91
345	19	9	46
780	36	34	16
1,353	106	33	79
199	17	38	8
857	36	3	47
386	24	71	17
420	40	7	14
457	38	4	5
250	5	3	4
613	31	221	4
108	4	0	7
347	21	123	6
219	24	42	11
428	34	6	33
44	3	1	5
281	12	33	11
600	56	3	13
312	25	5	17
838	64	15	0
337	14	0	53
228	10	6	3
251	17	1	16
856	31	9	84
414	22	3	17
150	13	12	8
488	26	5	8
273	40	17	3
935	27	321	6
244	16	6	9
1,295	96	122	53
242	13	39	12
149	5	0	13
359	32	32	11
1,240	94	95	65
332	24	20	13
2,497	167	108	81
302	22	93	7
401	19	0	15
202	17	32	8
150	6	0	13
260	23	19	7
172	18	0	6
957	26	357	3
188	12	28	10
555	41	70	14
407	34	5	13
503	23	187	9
768	31	277	3
328	15	6	8
1,082	50	2	55
220	4	4	13
774	48	10	36
1,613	121	25	64
1,143	27	389	3
393	18	25	42
219	23	25	12
1,027	45	1	67
176	9	4	8
343	27	10	10
194	8	2	12
377	25	3	27
656	27	2	69
313	16	0	7

Can STATS19 identify parked-vehicle involvement?

Yes, with a separate unknown category. Code 2 means “Parked” in both historic and current manoeuvre fields. Code 20 means “Parking” in the new specification and is kept separate.

5,781England injury collisions involving a recorded parked vehicle · 2025

11,520England collisions where parked involvement remains unresolved · 2025

3,861English minor-road traffic rows · 2025; 3,280 marked “Counted”

England · collision-level classification, one count per collision
Year	Total collisions	Parked involved	No parked vehicle recorded, all manoeuvres known	Unresolved
2021	93,873	5,677	79,017	9,179
2022	98,546	6,000	82,379	10,167
2023	96,764	5,727	79,895	11,142
2024	93,847	5,638	76,292	11,917
2025	94,418	5,781	77,117	11,520

Join checks and classification rules

0 duplicate collision keys; 0 duplicate vehicle keys; 0 orphan vehicles.
0 collisions without vehicle records; 0 vehicle-count reconciliation failures.
0 parked/non-parked disagreements where both historic and current fields are known.
0 duplicate traffic point/year keys in the audited English years.
GB annual collision and vehicle totals reconcile to the archived release. Unknown reporting varies by year and place; completeness is not accuracy.

What remains before a fair test?

Missing

Observed local parking use

No verified LSOA share of vehicles actually parked off-street or inside garages. NTS provides survey benchmarks; EHS measures provision.

How to resolve this

Build an explicitly estimated share in phase 2, then validate against independent street occupancy surveys.

Not imported

Housing × household vehicles

Census accommodation and car/van availability sources are identified. A detailed, compatible small-area cross-tabulation has not been ingested for this study.

How to resolve this

Archive Census inputs, retain suppressed cells and audit the joint categories before applying parking probabilities.

Missing

Residential-road vehicle miles

DfT minor-road count locations are sampled. Count-point presence is not a complete road network and cannot supply an all-road LSOA denominator.

How to resolve this

Validate residential centreline geometry and a traffic model against independent counts. Withhold rates wherever matched exposure is unavailable.

Unverified

LSOA and traffic boundary compatibility

Recorded collision LSOA codes are present, but their vintage has not been established for a Census 2021 join. Historical traffic authority codes also differ from current map boundaries.

How to resolve this

Verify the recorded LSOA vintage, re-geocode collision coordinates where needed, and document boundary crosswalks. Never silently copy an area rate into smaller areas.

Not assembled

Parking capacity and use validation

One garage or driveway does not imply space for every household vehicle. Daytime visitors and commercial activity can add street parking.

How to resolve this

Assemble dated local occupancy evidence, validate multi-car capacity and separate daytime from overnight parking.

Not assembled

Matched residential motor-collision cohort

This coding audit includes all reported injury collisions. Parked-vehicle involvement alone does not establish motor-only eligibility, a residential road, contact or fault.

How to resolve this

Define the road and vehicle populations before calculating frequency. Preserve unknown classifications and assess police recording differences.

Five-phase implementation plan

Feasibility audit · Complete
Archived-input checks, parked-vehicle coding, coverage map and explicit data gaps.
Parking estimates · Not started
Estimate off-street share, garage-use share and residential parking pressure; validate independently.
Decile analysis · Not started
Pooled collisions divided by matched road mileage, with uncertainty and actual decile boundaries.
Adjusted validation · Not started
Incremental predictiveness, later years, unseen areas and denominator sensitivity.
Publish findings · Not started
Publish supported findings with evidence status and downloadable results.

Sources and reproducible audit

This is a separate frozen feasibility snapshot, audited on 2026-10-10. It uses archived inputs from the linked evidence release; it does not alter that release or add modelling results to it.

Full audit · JSON Annual coding · CSV Authority coverage · CSV Recorded LSOA coverage · CSV Rebuild script · Python

Source availability as at the phase 1 audit
Source	Status	Coverage / period	Use and limitation
National Travel Survey · NTS0908	Archived and inspected	England; urban/rural groups Overnight-parking observations through 2024	Actual overnight use benchmarks. No observed LSOA shares. Urban/rural classification changes in 2024.
English Housing Survey · DA2201	Archived and inspected	England; dwelling groups Latest worksheet: 2024	Best parking provision by dwelling type. Availability is not use or vehicle-level capacity.
Census · housing and car/van availability	Catalogue verified; not imported	England and Wales; detail varies by geography Census Day 2021	Candidate joint distribution. Verify category detail, suppression and geography; do not assume the default published table supplies every required housing category.
STATS19 collision, vehicle and codebook files	Archived and audited	Great Britain; England selected for study 2021–2025	Collision/vehicle joins and parked classification. Damage-only incidents and insurance claims are absent.
DfT annual average daily traffic	Archived and audited	Major links and sampled minor-road locations 2021–2025 inspected	Counted/estimated flags and local presence. Complete residential-road mileage remains unavailable.
ONS county and unitary boundaries	Archived; checksum verified	England; December 2025 2025 boundaries	Authority-level coverage map only. No LSOA parking estimates are implied.
Electricity North West · Reflect methodology	Method reviewed; estimates not imported	Electricity North West licence area Method based on Census 2011	Precedent for estimating access from housing and vehicle availability; not independent validation of current parking behaviour.
Local parking occupancy surveys	Not assembled	Selected streets only To be audited	Example of published survey evidence. Check dates, selection bias, coverage and reuse terms before calibration.

Archived bytes, hashes and evidence release

Base evidence: lens-2026-10-09-cbec43fe76c4. Rebuilding also needs the source manifests and boundary asset named in audit.json; the repository contains them.

STATS19 collision records, latest five final years
06a03c0e5504175e23ed98e3e0b4767ac61d396c073405a1bddab9339c18f948
STATS19 vehicle records, latest five final years
05453dca2651ad8a27b4ac0e6a0450a852c506e4d495111ffca398f3d311e26a
STATS19 codebook and historical mappings
51b08606ef3dad1ae5d4c8726241b022fc8e4bbdc910ef0e5cc2fb92b054fc12
Major-road annual average daily flows
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NTS0908 overnight parking
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English Housing Survey DA2201
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Boundary: Counties and unitary authorities, December 2025
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Full interpretation limits

No parking deciles, rate estimates or causal conclusions have been calculated.
STATS19 excludes damage-only incidents and does not establish insurance claims or fault.
A parked vehicle can be recorded without physical contact. Involvement is not causation.
Unknown manoeuvres are a separate classification, never a confirmed absence of parked vehicles.
LSOA codes are recorded-location codes. Their boundary vintage has not been verified for a Census 2021 join.
Map shows 2025 county/unitary boundaries, not LSOA parking estimates. Collision counts use current highway codes.
Traffic rows are count-point presence. Minor-road sampling does not establish complete residential-road exposure.
Historical traffic authority codes are not silently crosswalked to current boundaries.
Housing-derived parking scores need independent validation and cannot establish an independent parking effect beyond their ingredients.